Tunnel2Funnel

In spite of improvement in hull design, stability system, propulsion system and navigational equipment, yet maritime casualty rate is still high. It is because ship structure and system reliability are a relatively small part of safety equation. The maritime safety is a people system, and human errors figure prominently in casualty situation.     Accidents are not usually caused by a single failure or mistake but by a confluence of whole series or chain of errors. WHAT IS HUMAN ERROR?           It is sometimes described as being one of the following:- An incorrect decision An improperly performed action An proper lack of action The maritime safety depends on People, Technology, environment and Organizational factor. People interact with technology, the environment and organizational factor. Sometimes the weak link is people themselves, but often the weak link is the way the technology, environment or organization factor influence the way the people perform. HUMAN PERFOR

Some salient features of M.S. (carriage of cargo) rules 1995:- Part II ------ Every cargo ship carrying dangerous cargo in bulk which is liable to emit a toxic or flammable gas or causes oxygen depletion in the cargo space, shall be provided with an appropriate instrument for measuring the concentration of gas or oxygen in the air or in such spaces. Cargo information:- 1. The shipper shall provide the master or his representative with appropriate information on the cargo sufficiently in advance of loading to enable the precautions which may be necessary for proper stowage and safe carriage of the cargo to be put into effect.            2. Cargo information shall include general description of cargo, gross mass of cargo, any relevant property of cargo, trimming procedures, moisture contents and its transportable moisture limits.  When an incident takes place involving loss or likely loss overboard of dangerous cargo including packaged damaged goods, dangerous cargo in bulk,

 Rules relating to bill of lading: -  Here I am going to describe some of the rules related with bill of lading in the COGSA ( Carriage of goods by sea act) . Article 2:- Risks     In simple terms, the carrier will be responsible and liable for the loading, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of goods in every contract of carriage of goods by sea. Also the carrier will be entitled to the rights and immunities regarding any mishappening during the carriage. Article 3 :- Responsibilities and liabilities      The carrier will have to   a) make ship seaworthy  b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship and c) Make the holds or other cargo spaces fit and safe for reception, carriage and preservation of goods. Carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried. After receiving the the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of carrier shall on demand of shipper issue to the shipper a bill of la